This device was mounted on a large square platform 1.25 metres (4 ft) high.
The blade was an axe head weighing 3.5 kg (7.7 lb), attached to the bottom of a massive wooden block that slid up and down in grooves in the uprights. The Halifax Gibbet was a wooden structure consisting of two wooden uprights, capped by a horizontal beam, of a total height of 4.5 metres (15 ft). "Even thus will I cut off their heads when they shall set them into those three openings thinking to adore the hallows that are beyond." She setteth her hand toward the openings and draweth forth a pin that was fastened into the wall, and a cutting blade of steel droppeth down, of steel sharper than any razor, and closeth up the three openings. And behold what I would do to them if their three heads were therein. Within these three openings are the hallows set for them. Although the device is imaginary, its function is clear. An early example of the principle is found in the High History of the Holy Grail, dated to about 1210. The use of beheading machines in Europe long predates such use during the French Revolution in 1792.
The original Maiden of 1564, now on display at the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. The last person to be executed in France was Hamida Djandoubi, guillotined on 10 September 1977. After its adoption, the device remained France's standard method of judicial execution until the abolition of capital punishment in 1981.
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Prior to the guillotine, France had used manual beheading alongside a variety of methods of execution, many of which were more gruesome and required a high level of precision and skill to carry out successfully. The guillotine was invented in order to make capital punishment less painful in accordance with new Enlightenment ideals about human rights.
The display of severed heads had long been one of the most common ways European sovereigns exhibited their power to their subjects. The use of an oblique blade and the stocks set this type of guillotine apart from others. While the name "guillotine" itself dates from this period, similar devices had been in use elsewhere in Europe over several centuries. The guillotine is best known for its use in France, particularly during the French Revolution, where the revolution's supporters celebrated it as the people's avenger and the revolution's opponents vilified it as the pre-eminent symbol of the violence of the Reign of Terror. The blade is then released, swiftly and forcefully decapitating the victim with a single, clean pass so that the head falls into a basket or other receptacle below. The condemned person is secured with stocks at the bottom of the frame, positioning the neck directly below the blade. The device consists of a tall, upright frame with a weighted and angled blade suspended at the top. The official guillotine used by the state of Luxembourg from 1789 to 1821Ī guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading.
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